Nya ministern kritiserar Happy Meal-förbudet

Posted on 19th September 2011 by rbryan in Economics

McDonalds förbjuds i San Fransisco att stoppa leksaker i sina Happy Meal.

San Fransiscos Board of Supervisors röstade för ett förslag att sluta sälja leksaker i samband med Happy meals för barn. Röstsiffrorna var 8-3. Lagen ska enligt experter motverka barns övervikt och uppmuntra att barn äter nyttigare mat. Om maten når upp till hälsosammare kalori- och fettnivåer kommer leksaken att tillåtas. Nya konsumentministern, Birgitta Ohlsson, är kritisk till den nya lagen: – Fetma bland barn är ett mycket allvarligt problem och det diskuteras i Sverige. Det är i första hand föräldrarnas ansvar att deras barn får bra mat. Lagstiftning som förbjuder leksaker vid matservering är inte rätt väg att gå, säger konsumentminister Birgitta Ohlsson.

McDonalds förbjuds i San Fransisco att stoppa leksaker i sina Happy Meal.

San Fransiscos Board of Supervisors röstade för ett förslag att sluta sälja leksaker i samband med Happy meals för barn. Röstsiffrorna var 8-3. Lagen ska enligt experter motverka barns övervikt och uppmuntra att barn äter nyttigare mat. Om maten når upp till hälsosammare kalori- och fettnivåer kommer leksaken att tillåtas. Nya konsumentministern, Birgitta Ohlsson, är kritisk till den nya lagen: – Fetma bland barn är ett mycket allvarligt problem och det diskuteras i Sverige. Det är i första hand föräldrarnas ansvar att deras barn får bra mat. Lagstiftning som förbjuder leksaker vid matservering är inte rätt väg att gå, säger konsumentminister Birgitta Ohlsson.

McDonalds förbjuds i San Fransisco att stoppa leksaker i sina Happy Meal.

San Fransiscos Board of Supervisors röstade för ett förslag att sluta sälja leksaker i samband med Happy meals för barn. Röstsiffrorna var 8-3. Lagen ska enligt experter motverka barns övervikt och uppmuntra att barn äter nyttigare mat. Om maten når upp till hälsosammare kalori- och fettnivåer kommer leksaken att tillåtas. Nya konsumentministern, Birgitta Ohlsson, är kritisk till den nya lagen: – Fetma bland barn är ett mycket allvarligt problem och det diskuteras i Sverige. Det är i första hand föräldrarnas ansvar att deras barn får bra mat. Lagstiftning som förbjuder leksaker vid matservering är inte rätt väg att gå, säger konsumentminister Birgitta Ohlsson.

Strategies For Combining Content Marketing And Influencer Marketing

During my tenure at OpenView I have been responsible for utilizing content marketing and influencer marketing methods for both OpenView and our portfolio companies. Consequently, I have learned one critical lesson: If you intend for your strategies to be successful, you ought to be practicing both content marketing and influencer marketing.

However, you shouldn’t just take my word for it. Not too long ago, I participated in two conferences with our senior advisor Joe Pulizzi and two portfolio company marketing teams. We talked about quarterly goals and methods. Just like other developing tech companies, these companies are making use of content marketing approaches for the purpose of creating brand awareness and thought leadership. Both marketing teams cited the creation of blogs, articles, white papers, ebooks and participating in social media as  elements in their marketing strategies for the coming quarter – all of which are intended to help move the needle on their goals. Joe stopped and posed the same questions to the two companies:

What do you do in terms of engaging with other influencers in the community?

On each call both companies quietly mentioned that they know they need to do more of that!

So why should content marketing and influencer marketing come as a package deal?

Most times, it is essential for these two new marketing approaches to go hand in hand. In one way or another, they depend on one another.

To be able to put into action a successful content marketing strategy many companies will have to take advantage of influencer marketing. By engaging with key bloggers or reporters, these influencers will be more likely to share your content and point you out as a thought leader in the space soon enough.

Want to begin immediately?

  • Make a list of 10-20 key influencers (bloggers, editors, analysts, etc.)
  • Share their content with your audience
  • Post comments on their content
  • Interact with them on social channels like Twitter and LinkedIn

To be able to establish a productive influencer marketing technique a lot of companies will have to participate actively in content marketing. Based on my experience I have found that content is vital to success for influencer marketing. Your pitches that simply shout ME ME ME, or our product this, our product that, will probably fall flat. In short, the lack of content will ensure that it will be more difficult to communicate your story and your brand.

So what content types do you need to look at if you are marketing to your influencers?

  • Thought leadership pieces like articles or white papers
  • Content that is easy to share (and encouraged to be shared) such as ebooks or infographics
  • Valuable insights like a “State of the Industry” report
  • Customer success stories to help show the value of your brand or product

How are you integrating your content and influencer marketing methods? What challenges do you face?

Amanda Maksymiw focuses on developing marketing and PR strategies for both OpenView and its portfolio companies.

“Fy fan vilket flygbolag”

Posted on 13th September 2011 by rbryan in Economics

Svenska tennisstjärnan Robert Lindstedt skriver i sin blogg om sin skräckresa med Easyjet, från Basel till Nantes. “Fy fan vilket bolag” skriver Lindstedt på bloggen.

Robert Lindstedt är en av världens bästa tennisspelare i dubbel och representerar Sverige i Davis Cup. I år har han haft sin bästa säsong och i somras var han i final i Wimbledon.

När Robert Lindstedt reste med Easyjet fick han en upplevelse han sent kommer att glömma:

“Testade något nytt idag. Flög med EasyJet. Det kommer jag inte göra igen. Fy fan vilket bolag. I alla fall om man har mycket packning. Bokade resa Basel-Nantes” skriver Lindstedt i sin blogg och fortsätter:

“Biljetten kostade runt 100€ och sen för att det skulle bli billigare betalade jag väskor och extra vikt online till en ytterligare kostnad av 120€. Alltså dyrare än själva flyget.

Sen kommer jag dit och ska checka in och hon som sitter bakom desken säger jag har en massa kilo i övervikt. Jag påpekar att jag redan betalt online och hon kollar närmare. Jo, det stämmer sa hon. Du har köpt 9kg extra. Precis sa jag.

Hon fortsätter, men du har fortfarande ett kilo för mycket i bagaget. Jaha, sa jag, och kan vi inte fixa det på något sätt, med mitt Tom Cruise leende i högsta hugg. Jo du kan ju betala det, kom till svar.

Det slutade med att jag tog en plastpåse och stoppade smutstvätt i den och använde som handbagage. Fy fan. Men jag kanske är miljöskadad. När man flyger mycket och har guldkort på olika flygbolag vänjer man väl sig vid en viss service. Men ändå, ett kilo?!?” skriver Robert Lindstedt i sin blogg.

Newzglobe söker Easyjet för en kommentar.

Fiscal support buoys China’s patent applications

Posted on 6th September 2011 by rbryan in Economics,News and Society

Administrative policies are helping makers take copyrights more seriously. But most manufacturers still wait for buyers to request for IP protection before filing petitions.

Encouragement from the central and local governments is driving more China suppliers to apply patents for in-house designs. But although the number of cases is on the rise, there is still a long way to go before protected ODM models will dominate exports.

The country’s Ministry of Finance set out a provisional regulation in October 2009 that allowed funding for SMEs, public institutions and research facilities to apply for patents overseas. Each request can include up to five countries with overall endowment capped at $15,000.

City administrators allow similar incentives. The Shenzhen Intellectual Property Office, for instance, subsidizes up to $556 per case through the city’s Finance Bureau.

Of the 7,946 cases filed via a Patent Cooperation Treaty in 2009, 1,847 applications are from Huawei and 1,164 are from ZTE, both of which are leading telecommunications companies. China Petroleum & Chemical Corp. and telecommunications specialist Datang are also among the top 10 patent applicants.

Most manufacturers, so far, rely on their buyers to protect the integrity of designs. For instance, all of the wholesale MP3 Players and wholesale MP4 players Shenzhen Neostra Technology Co. Ltd markets to domestic clients carry patents. But only six of its export designs are protected, following buyers’ requests. Three of these were filed in the US and another three in the EU. All were appearance and utility model patents.

Shenzhen Getian Opto-Electronics Co. Ltd has a similar approach. While the LED supplier releases several ODM products every month, it does not apply for patents.

Nonetheless, there are a growing number of China suppliers that are taking design protection seriously.

Blood pressure monitor maker Shenzhen Kingyield Technology Co. Ltd has applied for 19 patents in mainland China, Hong Kong and Japan since 2003. Software, sensors, pump and valves are covered. Of these, appearance and utility model cases each accounted for six and innovation patents constituted the rest. These were all granted in 2009.

The maker spends approximate $400,000 annually on copyrighting in-house designs. Doing so has also helped with marketing efforts. By publicizing the patent marks and numbers, the company is able to highlight how the technological performance and functions of its protected models stand out from others.

 

Increasing, but not the most

Despite 2009 being a difficult year for international trade, China outpaced the growth in patent applications overseas. In fact, while the country’s cases grew last year, others showed a decline in petitions.

This is because most countries cut down spending during the financial slump to maximize their cash flow. The budget for copyrighting designs is one of those that had to be let go.

Application fees depend on the type of patent and where it is filed, but costs approximately $130 each for appearance cases, and between $30 and $360 for innovation and utility models.

Even though the growth in China’s applications is on the rise, the number of petitions filed by developed countries is still higher. The US, for example, listed 45,790 international copyright requests, down 11 percent year on year but five times as many as China’s.

A March 2010 report from the country’s State Intellectual Property Office showed 6,116 innovation patent applications were submitted to the US in 2009, up 19 percent. There were 1,604 cases filed in Europe and 891 in Japan, reflecting an increase of 7 and 16 percent.

 

Why get free Dish Network online For Life

How does online range process establish for Dish net?
You place an order with an online satellite online TV schema retailer. Some actually have tools on their webpage that allows clients to design systems perfectly matched to their home. At the time of ordering you will docket a time that a local professional establisher can come to your home and install the system. 
Do I need to install the dish my self?
No, Dish Network retailer workers will install the satellite system for you and its totally free of charge.It’s included in the deal.  You will be getting an access card once your dish system had been installed. The access card is like a license for your satellite system.
 
Wrapping things up
The last few years have seen an explosion of people choosing satellite over cable or network live TV. Recent polls show some common reasons being superior picture quality, bigger selection of channels and programs, increased availability, good customer help oneself and the continuing drop in terms.
 Picking up the right Dish Network deal involved two major decisions: choosing the right retailers, and choosing the right programming. Always buy from reputable retailers and always choose only what you need. Do not get into huge programming parcel and pay a high monthly cost just because the bargainers give an extra rebate on them. If you would like to review some reputable online satellite TV retailers, Satellite TV take back online satellite TV dealer list seems like a good place to start with.
 
Teddy LC., expert writter on consumer products reviews. Check out his latest satellite TV related to website and get recommendations on DirecTV or Dish Network deals as well as other issues on Dish Network bargains.

If you search for free digital satellite internet TV on any search engine such as Google, you will find many websites oblation to show you how to get free TV on your computer. Some of these sites are not genuine because they may only offer you one or two channels for free but then ask you to pay a monthly subscription fee if you want to watch more channels. Also some of the software that is available for free online is loaded with spy ware and other viruses that could bring your pc to a halt and make it wreck. You need to be deliberate when you download free software online.

Första AP-fonden stämmer USA-bank

Posted on 2nd September 2011 by rbryan in Economics

Första AP-fonden har lämnat in en stämningsansökan mot Bank of New York Mellon till en domstol, Commercial Court, i London. Orsaken är förluster på omkring 230 miljoner kronor, som Första AP-fonden gjorde under 2008.

Första AP-fonden har lämnat in en stämningsansökan mot Bank of New York Mellon till en domstol, Commercial Court, i London.

Orsaken är förluster på cirka 35,5 miljoner dollar, omkring 230 miljoner kronor, som Första AP-fonden gjorde under 2008 som en följd av investeringsbeslut som banken gjort för AP-fondens räkning, enligt ett pressmeddelande.

Banken gjorde i september i fjol ett uttag på summor från ett konto som de haft ansvar för. Uttaget anser fonden vara felaktigt.

- Vi anser att de inte följt de avtal som vi haft gällande värdepapperslån och säkerheterna kring de som fallerat, säger Ossian Ekdahl chef för kommunikation och ägarstyrning på Första AP-fonden.

Vilken advokatbyrå har ni anlitat?
– Av flera skäl så vill vi inte uppge det.

När tror ni att det här målet avgörs?
– Det vet vi inte. Det kommer ta lång tid.

Första AP-fonden har lämnat in en stämningsansökan mot Bank of New York Mellon till en domstol, Commercial Court, i London.

Orsaken är förluster på cirka 35,5 miljoner dollar, omkring 230 miljoner kronor, som Första AP-fonden gjorde under 2008 som en följd av investeringsbeslut som banken gjort för AP-fondens räkning, enligt ett pressmeddelande.

Banken gjorde i september i fjol ett uttag på summor från ett konto som de haft ansvar för. Uttaget anser fonden vara felaktigt.

- Vi anser att de inte följt de avtal som vi haft gällande värdepapperslån och säkerheterna kring de som fallerat, säger Ossian Ekdahl chef för kommunikation och ägarstyrning på Första AP-fonden.

Vilken advokatbyrå har ni anlitat?
– Av flera skäl så vill vi inte uppge det.

När tror ni att det här målet avgörs?
– Det vet vi inte. Det kommer ta lång tid.

TT // Daniel Nilsson-Padilla

Telecom products OEM & ODM services – Yuan settlement: Widespread adoption unlikely in short term

Posted on 10th August 2011 by rbryan in Economics,News and Society

The limited number of eligible suppliers and impractical policies are making it difficult for yuan trade settlement to become a viable option in China’s export manufacturing industry.

More than a year after the yuan trade settlement pilot program was launched, and very few China suppliers are quoting prices in the local currency.

Both manufacturers and buyers are willing to settle payments in the yuan. On the part of the makers, doing so eliminates currency exchange losses whenever the yuan gains against the US dollar. For clients, this means export quotes will remain stable, regardless of how fast the yuan appreciates.

But current policies make it impractical for both sides to do so. Most companies in China export to buyers in the US and the EU, where the yuan is not widely circulated. They cannot see how their customers, who are already used to dealing in US dollars, would be willing to switch to the yuan when it may not always be available in their home countries. It is often clients from South and Southeast Asia who are willing to transact in the yuan, but the majority of China manufacturers have few customers from those regions.

Mike Bellamy, general manager of PassageMaker and board member of the China Sourcing Information Center, said there could be more buyers using the yuan in transactions if individuals and not only corporations could open a yuan account in their home countries. It would also help if conversion fees are not too high.

Further, HSBC’s chief economist for China Hongbin Qu said more measures are needed in the months ahead to facilitate offshore yuan investment. Among these are speeding up development of offshore yuan products, including a deliverable forwards market in Hong Kong and a mini-QFII scheme. Unlike the full version of the qualified foreign institutional investors program, the mini-QFII allows fund managers in Hong Kong to invest overseas yuan deposits in stock markets in mainland China.

Qu believes China also needs to implement more liberal policies, including opening the domestic market further to widen the access for foreigners investing in the yuan. Such depositors should be able to transfer funds from yuan accounts in their home countries.

 

US dollar continues to dominate transactions

To widen the opportunities for yuan settlement, the China government expanded coverage in June 2010 to include at least 1,000 companies in 20 provinces, and opened it to all countries worldwide, instead of limiting it to ASEAN members. Suppliers were chosen based on their export scale, credit record and years of experience.

Despite this move, most eligible exporters still do not settle transactions in the yuan. Consumer electronics maker Konka Group Co. Ltd has few customers in Southeast Asia. International business division president Dong Chang believes it would be hard to convince buyers outside of the region to pay in the yuan.

Timely Electronics Ltd’s managing director Albert Mak said the company asked its buyers if they are willing to transact in the yuan as early as August 2009, when it was included in the pilot program. But none of the mobile phone supplier’s clients, many of whom are based in Africa and South America, have been willing to do so. Timely’s buyers are more willing to accept higher quotes in US dollars. They believe the conversion rate of the yuan against other currencies is affected significantly by government policies, making it difficult to project how much the yuan will appreciate over a period of time.

Statistics covering 12 months to June 2010 show that of the total yuan settlements recorded in the period, only 9 percent or 1.98 billion came from the export industry. Some of the successes from other sectors include telecommunications company ZTE, which was the first in Shenzhen, Guangdong province, to receive yuan remittances from Hong Kong via the Bank of China.

HSBC also completed its first UK cross-border yuan trade settlement transaction, a month after the program’s coverage was expanded. For more on “Yuan settlement: Widespread adoption unlikely in short term”.

HTC HD7 – Have fresh Window 7 experience

Posted on 1st August 2011 by rbryan in Economics,News and Society - Tags: , , ,

HTC HD7 has got raving critiques because it’s launched in November 2010 and even now well-known amongst its ardent fans. The HTC HD7 is the end result of a lengthy research, evaluation and quite rigid top quality checks. The HTC HD7 Smartphone is a unique mix of good appears to be like and substantial comes equipped with. There are several showcases included into this cellphone which can make it differentiated from others. The HTC HD7 is seriously easy to use with the Home windows Phone 7 operating system building navigation, composing e mail and accessing information extremely straightforward. To perceive whether or not the stylish wanting HTC HD7 has enough wonder to attraction its customers, <sturdy>here are the key comes equipped with:durable>

• HTC HD7 is the refined version of HD2. The 4.3-inch LCD massive display set it apart from a lot mobile phones. Having the greatest display, the HD7 also has the biggest onscreen keyboard on a Home windows Cellphone 7 handset. The screens show 480 x 800-pixel resolution for wonderful clarity, enjoying video or streaming You tube.

• It weighs about a similar as of its predecessor HD2: a bit over 5 and a half ounces. Its dimensions are also identical, and are mere 1/100 of an inch thicker compared to the HD2.

• The HD7 has an straightforward to use interface with overwhelming of quick-access buttons, which includes Speak and End keys, a House button, a Begin list shortcut, and a back button.

• Its fast 1 GHz Snapdragon processor chip transfers your information and info at wonderful speed. The HD7 brings 512MB of ROM and RAM 576MB inside memory. The cell phone has a enormous storage capability with 16GB microSD Card which is expandable up to 32GB.

• Function an quickly replaceable 1230 mAh lithium-ion battery and respectable speak occasions of 6.33 loads. If mobile phone is not in use it lasts till a supreme of 14.5 nights standby.

• The highest high quality 5 megapixel CMOS the camera inbuilt with the T Smartphone HTC HD 7 is the greatest for a smartphone with HD film capability, flash, and auto focus.

• Tune out the industry by plugging the incorporated headphones into the 3.5mm headphone jack.

• It integrates info from YouTube, twitter and Facebook. The phone supports SMS, MMS and IM. The XHTML supports to scan the web on internet. It helps email records of AOL and Google.

• The HTC HD7 is additionally the first system to present T-Mobile Family Space a new usage that assists households retain in contact and handle their chaotic lives.

<hardy>HD7 is packed with full enjoyment is adorned with which includes: sturdy>

• Netflix for streaming 1000′s of videos and TV shows, T-Mobile TV, offering consumers geregreger live and on-demand TV

• Slacker Car radio for listening to free, customized radio with over 130 genre stations.

•  Xbox 360 system Live that unlocks a world of video games and fun,

•  Zune for loading folks’s favorite media.

• The HD 7 carries a fantastic Dolby Mobile music combatant that will allow you to master almost any format available

CellHub is operating unusual reductions and package on <strong>HTC HD7sturdy> for upgrading telephone and with the new purchase. For those who refuge’t yet got their hands on a Smartphone, the HD7 is your select as you can experience industry course hardware at an cost-effective price.

What Does The Man On The Clapham Omnibus Make Of It All?

Posted on 27th July 2011 by rbryan in Economics,News and Society,Politics,Pure Opinion - Tags: , ,

What The Man On The Street Thinks

People are constantly worried about the state of the economy, their personal finances and most importantly what is going to happen with their jobsJust this week a road haulage company shut down overnight locking drivers out of their work and only letting one or two in at a time to collect personal posessions from their cabsThe government explains the cuts in spending and tax increases it is making by constantly blaming the previous administration while providing no genuine advice or solutions other than limiting public spending and increasing taxation; an economic policy which appears to be based on ideology rather than genuine economics since that policy has never worked in the pastEinstein defined madness as performing the same action over and over while expecting a different outcome.

So what about theat man on the Clapham omnibus when the next tanda of public spending cuts and increased taxes hitHe’s paying more to have less spent on him and he’s expected to just put up with it because that’s what the last government left behindWell, that’s hardly fair is itEspecially since the Conservative party is meant to be about laissez faire government and low taxesThe labour government is accused of spending what it didn’t have but having sold everything last time they were in government the Conservatives are now talking about selling off national woodland to help balance the booksWhat are they going to do when th e cupboard is totally bare and there really is nothing left of our children’s birthright to sellThe Government try to worry us that Britain will loose its creditos personales with the World Bank if we don’t do something quick but the recession is global, if we have debts so does everyone elseIn such poor condition are some that countries including weaker European states such as Greece and Spain are forced to introduce harsh austerity measures while going cap in hand to ask for prestamos inmediatos from the International Monetary Fund.

The answer to the debt problem cannot be solved by making swingeing cuts to the national economy, what need to happen is to either call in our international debts or mutually agree to write off the debts that we share with other nationsIt’s an irony of international trade that if we owe X country £10b and they owe us £11b we still appear to be in debt by that £10b, not in fact in credit to the tune of £1bIf we were told what our country is owed as well as what we ourselves owe to others we’d all sleep much easier.

Commercial Property Industry Latest News

Industry professional says Turkey, Poland ripe for investment

Fed up with astronomic costs in London and Paris, property traders looking for larger yields are eyeing positions in rising markets, according to the founder and leader of U.S.-based researcher Real Capital Analytics, or RCA.

Rather than the famous BRIC international locations – Brazil, Russia, United states of america and Offshore – the CBTPs, particularly China and tiawan, Brazil, Turkey and Poland, are an rising power in the property market, Robert M. White colored advised the Hürriyet Daily News & Economic Review on Tuesday at the Worldwide Market for Property Professionals, or MIPIM, an annual property fair in Cannes, France.

“In property, we aren’t speaking regarding the BRICs,” Bright white explained. “Russia has been very problematic with regards to investments owing to issues like corruption. United states of america is problematic owing to its limitations on foreign investments. Thus, it’s seriously China and tiawan, Brazil and Japanese Europe – Chicken and Poland in specific – which are shining.”

Concerning Russia, Bright white famous a current survey amongst the members of the Affiliation of Overseas Investors in Real Estate, or AFIRE, that did not even put Russian cities in its rankings.

Corruption claims lock straight down Silk property marketplace

Egypt’s property marketplace has all but floor to a halt as the or hospitals of the community prosecutor is a swamped with complaints and allegations of corruption connected to land deals.

“All people is performing differently now,” explained Hisham Gaafar, a prosecutor at the or hospitals. “These folks are not frightened now. Quite a few of the evaluations are connected to critical people.” Complete grievances possess tripled to concerning 3,000 so far that year, quite a few of which are regarding property deals.

Quite a few of the issues Mr Gaafar gets may never generate it to the courts due to a lack of evidence, but these folks are a real risk to investors from Egypt and beyond who have put their money in the booming property marketplace. In cases the place the court has discovered a function was inappropriate, judgments are becoming made to rescind the deal completely.

Companies similar to Emaar Qualities, the Middle East’s greatest developer, have invested intensely in Egypt’s property sector to take benefit of the rising demand for properties in a region where custom requires a youthful man proposing relationship arrives backed with a property deed. Other major Gulf players that have set up there in recent many years incorporate Majid Al Futtaim Organization team and Damac Attributes from Dubai, and Qatari Diar.

While scenarios possess not emerged publicly with projects from individuals developers, Al Dahra Agricultural Company, based mostly in the UAE, has already thought the swift judgment of an Egyptian court docket. An administrative court ruled which its purchase of 100,000 feddans (43,000 hectares) from the government was against the law simply because the land was not auctioned at industry prices.

Santander recommences property create funding for trading

Political unrest and instability in nations like Tunisia and Libya is expected to act as a improve to the property industry in the UAE. The main investment officer and performing basic supervisor of personal banking at Emirates NBD has commented on how circumstances in MENA international locations could positively effect property investment in Dubai.

Gary Dugan explained: “The high quality section of Dubai’s property market is possible to get a enhance from cash inflows from most of the countries that are going through political turmoil in the province.”

The experts forecast that those with assets in the MENA province are increasingly transferring capital towards the emirate, that is recognised as the a lot secure market in the area.

“Local equities still prove attractive, but investors should wait around just before buying emerging industry equities, that face near-term challenges and fairness charges in standard are no lengthier as low as they were. Investors are advised to buy international formulated industry equities but with care,” Mr Dugan additional.